Long-Term Neurologic Sequelae Among Patients with Varying COVID-19 Severity: An Administrative Claims Database Analysis

Objectives: Examine the long-term incident neurologic sequelae post COVID recovery and assess relationship with COVID severity using real-world data. Method(s): This retrospective cohort study was conducted using Optum Research Database between 01July2019 to 30Sep2022. Patients included were >=18 years with COVID diagnosis (index date) between 01Jan2020 and 31Oct2020, with continuous enrollment 6 months before and >=12 months after index date, known demographics, not pregnant, and with no baseline neurologic conditions. Patients were stratified into COVID severity cohorts as mild (index diagnosis), moderate (inpatient visit within 15 days of index), or severe (evidence of acute respiratory distress) and followed for a minimum of 12-months post-index. Neurologic sequelae examined were persistent headache, migraine, anosmia, sleep disturbance, cognitive dysfunction, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidality, anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), fatigue/myalgia and tremors. Descriptive statistics and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated to assess outcomes. Result(s): Of 534,843 patients, 107,656 (Mild 96,637;Moderate 3,371;Severe 7,648) met the study inclusion criteria. Median follow up time was 750, 774 and 768 days in the mild, moderate and severe cohorts, respectively. About 20% of patients in the mild, 32% in moderate and 35% in the severe cohort experienced >=3 neurologic sequelae during the follow-up period. A significantly higher incidence of any neurologic sequelae was observed in moderate and severe cohorts compared with the mild cohort (IRR 3.1 and 3.0, respectively;p<0.001). Cognitive dysfunction (moderate IRR 5.4, severe IRR 5.7;p<0.001), and CVD (moderate IRR 4.8, severe IRR 4.0;p<0.001) were the most commonly occurring manifestations in moderate and severe cohorts compared with the mild cohort. Conclusion(s): These results highlight the need for long-term monitoring and preventative strategies for neurologic conditions post COVID recovery that might impair quality of life and increase overall healthcare burden in the U.S.Copyright © 2023

Labour welfare and industrial hygiene during COVID-19

This .study aims to define essential principles that the organization must follow in labour welfare during COVID-19. It is a vital facet of industrial relations, the extra dimension that provides satisfaction to workers in a way that no amount of money can do so. The government initiates statutory laws from time to time to bring about some uniformity in the basic facilities provided to industrial workers since it is not confident that all employers are progressive and provide basic welfare measures. Industrial hygiene has been defined as science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stress arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health, and significant stress among workers or the citizens of the community. Because it is a labor-intensive sector, it has a greater emphasis on employee welfare. The authors choose a bakery industry personnel's stress analysis during COVID-19 for this research work. © 2023 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.

Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of 2019-Novel Coronavirus in India: A Review

Purpose: As of, from 30th Jan to 31st May, 2020, more than 182,143 confirmed cases were reported in India along with 86,984 recovered cases and 5164 deceased cases of COVID-19. More than 53 countries are also affected with this pandemic virus. However, the lack of specific drugs to prevent/treat this pandemic disease is a major problem in this current scenario. In this re-gard, this systemic review was conducted to identify the therapeutic approaches and researches, which are ongoing in India against COVID-19. Method(s): We had screened Google Scholar database with the keywords nCoV, corona virus in In-dia, effect of SARS-CoV-2 in India, 2019-nCoV, treatment pattern in India for nCoV and therapy used to treat nCoV in India. In the final review, we had included a total of 49 articles. Result(s): As a result we had found that the Indian Council of Medical Research and NIH have giv-en a standard guideline of Hydroxychloroquine and other antiviral drugs for nCoV, and also there are various researches going on related to nCoV treatment like, chemicals from natural products, herbs and spices commonly used in India, combination therapy of lopinavir and ritonavir, ultra-vio-let radiation therapy, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of molecules for vaccine preparation, Convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) therapy and many more. Conclusion(s): New drugs and therapy are in the premature stage for this hazardous pandemic. We need more time to gain the detailed knowledge of the life cycle of the nCoV, which can speed up the drug/vaccine development process against nCoV.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.

Social Distance Alerting System Using Machine Learning

The increase into the Corona virus pandemic led to a higher death rate globally. The best way to prevent getting sick is to keep yourself physically or socially far. Our project provides an approach for physical isolation revealing using machine knowledge toward indicate the necessary space to be maintained to decrease the collision of the corona virus contagious widespread spread. By analyzing a videotape provide for from the camera, the detect apparatus be fashioned in the direction of notify individuals toward maintain a out of harm's way aloofness on or after one an additional. The open-source person recognition pretrained model, YOLO3 algorithm, was utilized to recognize people using the video frame from the camera as input. YOLO3 has the benefit of mortal a lot quicker than further algorithms, at a halt maintain exactness and meets the real-time requirements for person detection. In order to calculate distance from the 2D plane, the video frames are afterwards transformed into top-down views. Estimated distance between individuals and any non-compliant pair of individuals within the display is indicate by means of a red colour edge and stripe, the moderate distance is represented with orange colour and the safe distance is represented by green colour frame. The suggested technique was examined lying on a pre record videotape as well as on the live video feed of persons walking on the road. Additionally an alarm sound is provided to notify the persons. The outcome show that the planned strategy is ready toward sees the societal separation trial among many populaces withinthe videotape. © 2022 IEEE.

Prevalence of bovine coronavirus infection in organized dairy farms of Central and North regions, India

An epidemiological study was conducted for investigation of bovine coronavirus by antigen Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit in dairy calves from Central India (Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states) and North India (Uttar Pradesh state). Different epidemiological parameters like age, parity, colour and consistency of faecal materials and seasonal changes in a year were recorded. A total of 816 faecal samples were screened and out of which 7 (0.85%) animals were found to be positive for bovine coronavirus. The higher prevalence was recorded in north India followed by central India. Age wise higher prevalence was recorded below 2 month calves. Seasonally, the prevalence of coronavirus infection was higher in monsoon season and in first parity of calves as compared to other season and parity. Prevalence of coronavirus infection was higher in watery diarrhoea faecal materials than pasty yellow colour diarrhoea. The observations of the present study would provide the basis for further an effective explorative surveillance and epidemiological studies to know the real impact of coronavirus infection with associated risk factors in dairy calves of India.

An Assessment of Popular Virtual Platforms for Online Education in COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Study

Online education is not new to the twenty-first century, especially to higher education. It is known since early 2000 and continues. Traditional education is offered in all government institutions in India. However, in March 2020, Education turned 360° immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic, which allegedly originated in Wuhan city of China in late December 2019. Since then, all the Educational Institutions including schools, colleges, universities, coaching centers insisted to shut down for an unknown time by the government to maintain social distancing and mitigating COVID-19 spread. Due to this, the traditional system was bound to shift to Online Education (OE). In this chapter, challenges that occurred due to the immediate shift to the online education system are discussed. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Natural infection of Delta mutant of SARS-CoV-2 in Asiatic lions of India.

The current pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has underlined the importance of emerging diseases of zoonotic importance. Along with human beings, several species of wild and pet animals have been demonstrated to be infected by SARS-CoV-2, both naturally and experimentally. In addition, with constant emergence of new variants, the species susceptibility might further change which warrants intensified screening efforts. India is a vast and second most populated country, with a habitat of a very diverse range of animal species. In this study we place on record of SARS-CoV-2 infections in three captive Asiatic lions. Detailed genomic characterization revealed involvement of Delta mutant (Pango lineage B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2 at two different locations. Interestingly, no other feline species enclosed in the zoo/park were found infected. The epidemiological and molecular analysis will contribute to the understanding of the emerging mutants of SARS-CoV-2 in wild and domestic animals.

DP-ANN: A new Differential Private Artificial Neural Network with Application on Health data (Workshop Paper)

Privacy of the individual data, especially in the Health data, is very sensitive and important. Privacy preserving Machine learning is emerging as one of the solutions for the security of data with the utility to create knowledge. In this paper, we have proposed a differential private artificial neural network (DP-ANN) and shows its application to predict the spread and the peak number of COVID-19 cases. We proposed a differential private artificial neural network (DP-ANN) in which laplacian noise has been introduced at activation function level and it has been compared with existing privacy ideas at error function and weights level of ANN. Results show that DP-ANN model with the private activation function produces the result similar to the base ANN model. © 2020 IEEE.

Therapeutics for COVID-19: Established and in development

COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first recognised in late 2019, with over 30 000 000 cases and over 1 000 000 deaths reported by the end of September 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection is usually associated with fever, cough, coryza, dyspnoea, anosmia, headache and fatigue and may cause pneumonia and hypoxemia. An excessive/dysregulated inflammatory response may lead to lung damage including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy and other complications. Mortality amongst hospitalised patients is higher in those needing intensive care. In Australia over 27 000 cases with 882 deaths had been reported by 30 September, most in Victoria. Two therapies have proven beneficial in treatment of hospitalised patients in expedited randomised placebo-controlled trials and are now in widespread use. Dexamethasone improved survival of those requiring respiratory support and the antiviral agent remdesivir decreased time to recovery in mild-moderate disease. Remdesivir was authorised by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration in July 2020. Over 200 other therapeutics are being tested for COVID-19 in more than 2000 clinical trials, and many more agents are in preclinical development. We review the evidence for some of the candidates for therapy in COVID-19. © 2020 CSIRO. All rights reserved.

Immunohistochemical and molecular detection of natural cases of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus infection causing enteritis in dairy calves.

Bovine rotavirus (BRoV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are major enteric viral pathogens responsible for calve diarrhoea. They are widespread both in dairy and beef cattle throughout the world and causing huge economic losses. The diagnosis of these agents is very difficult due to non-specific nature of lesions and the involvement of some intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. We performed postmortem of 45 calves, which was below three months of age. Out of 45 necropscid calves, three (6.66%) cases were positive for BRoV and four (8.88%) cases were found positive for BCoV, screened by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Further RT-PCR positive cases were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in paraffin-embedded intestinal tissue sections. Three cases of enteritis caused by BRoV showed the hallmark lesions of the shortening and fusion of villi, denudation and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria. The BRoV antigen distribution was prominent within the lining epithelium of the villi, peyer's patches in the ileum and strong immunoreactions in the lymphocytes and some macrophages of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Four cases in which BCoV was detected, grossly lesions characterized by colonic mucosa covered with thick, fibrinous and diphtheritic membrane. Histopathologically, jejunum showed skipping lesion of micro-abscesses in crypts. The BCoV antigen distribution was prominent within the necrotic crypts in the jejunum and cryptic micro-abscesses in the colon and ileum. It is the first report of BRoV and BCoV antigen demonstration in the jejunum, colon, ileum, Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes of naturally infected calves from India by using IHC.